@article{Ahler2018,
title = {The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions about Party Composition and Their Consequences},
volume = {80},
issn = {1468-2508},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/697253},
doi = {10.1086/697253},
number = {3},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
author = {Ahler, Douglas J. and Sood, Gaurav},
year = {2018},
month = {July},
pages = {964–981}
}
@misc{Anthis2025,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2504.02234},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.02234},
author = {Anthis, Jacy Reese and Liu, Ryan and Richardson, Sean M. and Kozlowski, Austin C. and Koch, Bernard and Evans, James and Brynjolfsson, Erik and Bernstein, Michael},
keywords = {Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Computation and Language (cs.CL), Computers and Society (cs.CY), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {LLM Social Simulations Are a Promising Research Method},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2025},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}
}
@article{Argyle2023,
title = {Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samples},
volume = {31},
issn = {1476-4989},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2023.2},
doi = {10.1017/pan.2023.2},
number = {3},
journal = {Political Analysis},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
author = {Argyle, Lisa P. and Busby, Ethan C. and Fulda, Nancy and Gubler, Joshua R. and Rytting, Christopher and Wingate, David},
year = {2023},
month = {Feb},
pages = {337–351}
}
@article{Ashokkumar2026,
title = {Large language models can predict the results of social science experiments},
volume = {656},
issn = {1476-4687},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10742-x},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-026-10742-x},
number = {8126},
journal = {Nature},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
author = {Ashokkumar, Ashwini and Hewitt, Luke and Ghezae, Isaias and Willer, Robb},
year = {2026},
month = {July},
pages = {115–122}
}
@article{Bisbee2024,
title = {Synthetic Replacements for Human Survey Data? The Perils of Large Language Models},
volume = {32},
issn = {1476-4989},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2024.5},
doi = {10.1017/pan.2024.5},
number = {4},
journal = {Political Analysis},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
author = {Bisbee, James and Clinton, Joshua D. and Dorff, Cassy and Kenkel, Brenton and Larson, Jennifer M.},
year = {2024},
month = {May},
pages = {401–416}
}
@article{Borkenau2004,
title = {Thin Slices of Behavior as Cues of Personality and Intelligence.},
volume = {86},
issn = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.599},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.599},
number = {4},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
author = {Borkenau, Peter and Mauer, Nadine and Riemann, Rainer and Spinath, Frank M. and Angleitner, Alois},
year = {2004},
pages = {599–614}
}
@article{Caliskan2017,
title = {Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases},
volume = {356},
issn = {1095-9203},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230},
doi = {10.1126/science.aal4230},
number = {6334},
journal = {Science},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},
author = {Caliskan, Aylin and Bryson, Joanna J. and Narayanan, Arvind},
year = {2017},
month = {Apr},
pages = {183–186}
}
@article{Cao2024,
title = {Large language models and humans converge in judging public figures’ personalities},
volume = {3},
issn = {2752-6542},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae418},
doi = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae418},
number = {10},
journal = {PNAS Nexus},
publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
author = {Cao, Xubo and Kosinski, Michal},
editor = {Moro, Esteban},
year = {2024},
month = {Sept}
}
@article{Carl2016,
title = {Net opposition to immigrants of different nationalities correlates strongly with their arrest rates in the UK},
issn = {2446-3868},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.26775/OQSPS.2016.11.10},
doi = {10.26775/oqsps.2016.11.10},
journal = {Open Quantitative Sociology \& Political Science},
publisher = {OpenPsych},
author = {Carl, Noah},
year = {2016},
month = {Nov}
}
@article{Chan2012,
title = {Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits: Universal and accurate?},
volume = {103},
issn = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029712},
doi = {10.1037/a0029712},
number = {6},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
author = {Chan, Wayne and McCrae, Robert R. and De Fruyt, Filip and Jussim, Lee and Löckenhoff, Corinna E. and De Bolle, Marleen and Costa, Paul T. and Sutin, Angelina R. and Realo, Anu and Allik, Jüri and Nakazato, Katsuharu and Shimonaka, Yoshiko and Hřebíčková, Martina and Graf, Sylvie and Yik, Michelle and Brunner-Sciarra, Marina and de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich and Schmidt, Vanina and Ahn, Chang-kyu and Ahn, Hyun-nie and Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E. and Siuta, Jerzy and Szmigielska, Barbara and Cain, Thomas R. and Crawford, Jarret T. and Mastor, Khairul Anwar and Rolland, Jean-Pierre and Nansubuga, Florence and Miramontez, Daniel R. and Benet-Martínez, Verónica and Rossier, Jérôme and Bratko, Denis and Marušić, Iris and Halberstadt, Jamin and Yamaguchi, Mami and Knežević, Goran and Martin, Thomas A. and Gheorghiu, Mirona and Smith, Peter B. and Barbaranelli, Claudio and Wang, Lei and Shakespeare-Finch, Jane and Lima, Margarida P. and Klinkosz, Waldemar and Sekowski, Andrzej and Alcalay, Lidia and Simonetti, Franco and Avdeyeva, Tatyana V. and Pramila, V. S. and Terracciano, Antonio},
year = {2012},
month = {Dec},
pages = {1050–1066}
}
@article{Dawes1979,
title = {The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making.},
volume = {34},
issn = {0003-066X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.7.571},
doi = {10.1037/0003-066x.34.7.571},
number = {7},
journal = {American Psychologist},
publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
author = {Dawes, Robyn M.},
year = {1979},
month = {July},
pages = {571–582}
}
@article{Diekman2002,
title = {Accuracy and Bias in Stereotypes about the Social and Political Attitudes of Women and Men},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1031},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2001.1511},
doi = {10.1006/jesp.2001.1511},
number = {3},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
author = {Diekman, Amanda B and Eagly, Alice H and Kulesa, Patrick},
year = {2002},
month = {May},
pages = {268–282}
}
@misc{DominguezOlmedo2024,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2306.07951},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07951},
author = {Dominguez-Olmedo, Ricardo and Hardt, Moritz and Mendler-Dünner, Celestine},
keywords = {Computation and Language (cs.CL), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {Questioning the Survey Responses of Large Language Models},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2023},
copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license}
}
@article{Garg2018,
title = {Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes},
volume = {115},
issn = {1091-6490},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720347115},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1720347115},
number = {16},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
author = {Garg, Nikhil and Schiebinger, Londa and Jurafsky, Dan and Zou, James},
year = {2018},
month = {Apr}
}
@article{Graham2012,
title = {The Moral Stereotypes of Liberals and Conservatives: Exaggeration of Differences across the Political Spectrum},
volume = {7},
issn = {1932-6203},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050092},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0050092},
number = {12},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
author = {Graham, Jesse and Nosek, Brian A. and Haidt, Jonathan},
editor = {Young, Liane},
year = {2012},
month = {Dec},
pages = {e50092}
}
@article{Guilbeault2025,
title = {Age and gender distortion in online media and large language models},
volume = {646},
issn = {1476-4687},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09581-z},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-09581-z},
number = {8087},
journal = {Nature},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
author = {Guilbeault, Douglas and Delecourt, Solène and Desikan, Bhargav Srinivasa},
year = {2025},
month = {Oct},
pages = {1129–1137}
}
@article{Hall1999,
title = {Gender-stereotype accuracy as an individual difference.},
volume = {77},
issn = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.350},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.350},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
author = {Hall, Judith A. and Carter, Jason D.},
year = {1999},
month = {Aug},
pages = {350–359}
}
@article{Jensen2025,
title = {Stereotypes of the Intelligence of Nations},
volume = {24},
issn = {1569-1330},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10134},
doi = {10.1163/15691330-bja10134},
number = {2},
journal = {Comparative Sociology},
publisher = {Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
author = {Jensen, Sebastian and Kirkegaard, Emil},
year = {2025},
month = {Apr},
pages = {272–295}
}
@article{Jussim2015,
title = {Stereotype (In)Accuracy in Perceptions of Groups and Individuals},
volume = {24},
issn = {1467-8721},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721415605257},
doi = {10.1177/0963721415605257},
number = {6},
journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
author = {Jussim, Lee and Crawford, Jarret T. and Rubinstein, Rachel S.},
year = {2015},
month = {Dec},
pages = {490–497}
}
@article{Jussim2017,
title = {Précis of Social Perception and Social Reality: Why accuracy dominates bias and self-fulfilling prophecy},
volume = {40},
issn = {1469-1825},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X1500062X},
doi = {10.1017/s0140525x1500062x},
journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
author = {Jussim, Lee},
year = {2015},
month = {June}
}
@misc{Kim2024,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2305.09620},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09620},
author = {Kim, Junsol and Lee, Byungkyu},
keywords = {Computation and Language (cs.CL), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Machine Learning (cs.LG), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {AI-Augmented Surveys: Leveraging Large Language Models and Surveys for Opinion Prediction},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2023},
copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license}
}
@article{Kirkegaard2016,
title = {Country of origin and use of social benefits: A large, preregistered study of stereotype accuracy in Denmark},
issn = {2446-3884},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.26775/ODP.2016.11.11},
doi = {10.26775/odp.2016.11.11},
journal = {Open Differential Psychology},
publisher = {OpenPsych},
author = {Kirkegaard, Emil O. W. and Bjerrekær, Julius D.},
year = {2016},
month = {Nov}
}
@article{Kirkegaard2020,
title = {Are Danes’ Immigration Policy Preferences Based on Accurate Stereotypes?},
volume = {10},
issn = {2075-4698},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc10020029},
doi = {10.3390/soc10020029},
number = {2},
journal = {Societies},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
author = {Kirkegaard, Emil O. W. and Carl, Noah and Bjerrekær, Julius D.},
year = {2020},
month = {Mar},
pages = {29}
}
@article{Kirkegaard2021,
title = {A study of stereotype accuracy in the Netherlands: immigrant crime, occupational sex distribution, and provincial income inequality},
issn = {2597-324X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.26775/OP.2021.06.14},
doi = {10.26775/op.2021.06.14},
journal = {OpenPsych},
publisher = {OpenPsych},
author = {Kirkegaard, Emil O. W. and Gerritsen, Arjen},
year = {2021},
month = {June}
}
@article{Kosinski2013,
title = {Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior},
volume = {110},
issn = {1091-6490},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218772110},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1218772110},
number = {15},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
author = {Kosinski, Michal and Stillwell, David and Graepel, Thore},
year = {2013},
month = {Mar},
pages = {5802–5805}
}
@article{Machts2016,
title = {Accuracy of teachers’ judgments of students’ cognitive abilities: A meta-analysis},
volume = {19},
issn = {1747-938X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.06.003},
doi = {10.1016/j.edurev.2016.06.003},
journal = {Educational Research Review},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
author = {Machts, Nils and Kaiser, Johanna and Schmidt, Fabian T.C. and Möller, Jens},
year = {2016},
month = {Nov},
pages = {85–103}
}
@article{McCrae2013,
title = {The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes},
volume = {47},
issn = {0092-6566},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006},
doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006},
number = {6},
journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
author = {McCrae, Robert R. and Chan, Wayne and Jussim, Lee and De Fruyt, Filip and Löckenhoff, Corinna E. and De Bolle, Marleen and Costa, Paul T. and Hřebíčková, Martina and Graf, Sylvie and Realo, Anu and Allik, Jüri and Nakazato, Katsuharu and Shimonaka, Yoshiko and Yik, Michelle and Ficková, Emília and Brunner-Sciarra, Marina and Reátigui, Norma and Leibovich de Figueora, Nora and Schmidt, Vanina and Ahn, Chang-kyu and Ahn, Hyun-nie and Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E. and Siuta, Jerzy and Szmigielska, Barbara and Cain, Thomas R. and Crawford, Jarret T. and Mastor, Khairul Anwar and Rolland, Jean-Pierre and Nansubuga, Florence and Miramontez, Daniel R. and Benet-Martínez, Veronica and Rossier, Jérôme and Bratko, Denis and Marušić, Iris and Halberstadt, Jamin and Yamaguchi, Mami and Knežević, Goran and Purić, Danka and Martin, Thomas A. and Gheorghiu, Mirona and Smith, Peter B. and Barbaranelli, Claudio and Wang, Lei and Shakespeare-Finch, Jane and Lima, Margarida P. and Klinkosz, Waldemar and Sekowski, Andrzej and Alcalay, Lidia and Simonetti, Franco and Avdeyeva, Tatyana V. and Pramila, V.S. and Terracciano, Antonio},
year = {2013},
month = {Dec},
pages = {831–842}
}
@misc{Park2024,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2411.10109},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.10109},
author = {Park, Joon Sung and Zou, Carolyn Q. and Kamphorst, Jonne and Egan, Niles and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Cai, Carrie and Morris, Meredith Ringel and Liang, Percy and Willer, Robb and Bernstein, Michael S.},
keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC), Machine Learning (cs.LG), FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {LLM Agents Grounded in Self-Reports Enable General-Purpose Simulation of Individuals},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2024},
copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license}
}
@article{Peters2024,
title = {Large language models can infer psychological dispositions of social media users},
volume = {3},
issn = {2752-6542},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae231},
doi = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae231},
number = {6},
journal = {PNAS Nexus},
publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
author = {Peters, Heinrich and Matz, Sandra C},
editor = {Gelfand, Michele},
year = {2024},
month = {May}
}
@article{Salganik2020,
title = {Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration},
volume = {117},
issn = {1091-6490},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915006117},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1915006117},
number = {15},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
author = {Salganik, Matthew J. and Lundberg, Ian and Kindel, Alexander T. and Ahearn, Caitlin E. and Al-Ghoneim, Khaled and Almaatouq, Abdullah and Altschul, Drew M. and Brand, Jennie E. and Carnegie, Nicole Bohme and Compton, Ryan James and Datta, Debanjan and Davidson, Thomas and Filippova, Anna and Gilroy, Connor and Goode, Brian J. and Jahani, Eaman and Kashyap, Ridhi and Kirchner, Antje and McKay, Stephen and Morgan, Allison C. and Pentland, Alex and Polimis, Kivan and Raes, Louis and Rigobon, Daniel E. and Roberts, Claudia V. and Stanescu, Diana M. and Suhara, Yoshihiko and Usmani, Adaner and Wang, Erik H. and Adem, Muna and Alhajri, Abdulla and AlShebli, Bedoor and Amin, Redwane and Amos, Ryan B. and Argyle, Lisa P. and Baer-Bositis, Livia and Büchi, Moritz and Chung, Bo-Ryehn and Eggert, William and Faletto, Gregory and Fan, Zhilin and Freese, Jeremy and Gadgil, Tejomay and Gagné, Josh and Gao, Yue and Halpern-Manners, Andrew and Hashim, Sonia P. and Hausen, Sonia and He, Guanhua and Higuera, Kimberly and Hogan, Bernie and Horwitz, Ilana M. and Hummel, Lisa M. and Jain, Naman and Jin, Kun and Jurgens, David and Kaminski, Patrick and Karapetyan, Areg and Kim, E. H. and Leizman, Ben and Liu, Naijia and Möser, Malte and Mack, Andrew E. and Mahajan, Mayank and Mandell, Noah and Marahrens, Helge and Mercado-Garcia, Diana and Mocz, Viola and Mueller-Gastell, Katariina and Musse, Ahmed and Niu, Qiankun and Nowak, William and Omidvar, Hamidreza and Or, Andrew and Ouyang, Karen and Pinto, Katy M. and Porter, Ethan and Porter, Kristin E. and Qian, Crystal and Rauf, Tamkinat and Sargsyan, Anahit and Schaffner, Thomas and Schnabel, Landon and Schonfeld, Bryan and Sender, Ben and Tang, Jonathan D. and Tsurkov, Emma and van Loon, Austin and Varol, Onur and Wang, Xiafei and Wang, Zhi and Wang, Julia and Wang, Flora and Weissman, Samantha and Whitaker, Kirstie and Wolters, Maria K. and Woon, Wei Lee and Wu, James and Wu, Catherine and Yang, Kengran and Yin, Jingwen and Zhao, Bingyu and Zhu, Chenyun and Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne and Engelhardt, Barbara E. and Hardt, Moritz and Knox, Dean and Levy, Karen and Narayanan, Arvind and Stewart, Brandon M. and Watts, Duncan J. and McLanahan, Sara},
year = {2020},
month = {Mar},
pages = {8398–8403}
}
@misc{Santurkar2023,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2303.17548},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17548},
author = {Santurkar, Shibani and Durmus, Esin and Ladhak, Faisal and Lee, Cinoo and Liang, Percy and Hashimoto, Tatsunori},
keywords = {Computation and Language (cs.CL), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Computers and Society (cs.CY), Machine Learning (cs.LG), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2023},
copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license}
}
@misc{Staab2024,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2310.07298},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.07298},
author = {Staab, Robin and Vero, Mark and Balunović, Mislav and Vechev, Martin},
keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Machine Learning (cs.LG), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences, I.2.7},
title = {Beyond Memorization: Violating Privacy Via Inference with Large Language Models},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2023},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}
}
@article{Sudkamp2012,
title = {Accuracy of teachers’ judgments of students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis.},
volume = {104},
issn = {0022-0663},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027627},
doi = {10.1037/a0027627},
number = {3},
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
author = {Südkamp, Anna and Kaiser, Johanna and Möller, Jens},
year = {2012},
month = {Aug},
pages = {743–762}
}
@inproceedings{Suh2025,
title = {Language Model Fine-Tuning on Scaled Survey Data for Predicting Distributions of Public Opinions},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.1028},
doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.1028},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
author = {Suh, Joseph and Jahanparast, Erfan and Moon, Suhong and Kang, Minwoo and Chang, Serina},
year = {2025},
pages = {21147–21170}
}
@article{Swim1994,
title = {Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes.},
volume = {66},
issn = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.21},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.21},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
author = {Swim, Janet K.},
year = {1994},
month = {Jan},
pages = {21–36}
}
@article{Terracciano2005,
title = {National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures},
volume = {310},
issn = {1095-9203},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1117199},
doi = {10.1126/science.1117199},
number = {5745},
journal = {Science},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},
author = {Terracciano, A. and Abdel-Khalek, A. M. and Ádám, N. and Adamovová, L. and Ahn, C.-k. and Ahn, H.-n. and Alansari, B. M. and Alcalay, L. and Allik, J. and Angleitner, A. and Avia, M. D. and Ayearst, L. E. and Barbaranelli, C. and Beer, A. and Borg-Cunen, M. A. and Bratko, D. and Brunner-Sciarra, M. and Budzinski, L. and Camart, N. and Dahourou, D. and De Fruyt, F. and de Lima, M. P. and del Pilar, G. E. H. and Diener, E. and Falzon, R. and Fernando, K. and Ficková, E. and Fischer, R. and Flores-Mendoza, C. and Ghayur, M. A. and Gülgöz, S. and Hagberg, B. and Halberstadt, J. and Halim, M. S. and Hřebíčková, M. and Humrichouse, J. and Jensen, H. H. and Jocic, D. D. and Jónsson, F. H. and Khoury, B. and Klinkosz, W. and Knežević, G. and Lauri, M. A. and Leibovich, N. and Martin, T. A. and Marušić, I. and Mastor, K. A. and Matsumoto, D. and McRorie, M. and Meshcheriakov, B. and Mortensen, E. L. and Munyae, M. and Nagy, J. and Nakazato, K. and Nansubuga, F. and Oishi, S. and Ojedokun, A. O. and Ostendorf, F. and Paulhus, D. L. and Pelevin, S. and Petot, J.-M. and Podobnik, N. and Porrata, J. L. and Pramila, V. S. and Prentice, G. and Realo, A. and Reátegui, N. and Rolland, J.-P. and Rossier, J. and Ruch, W. and Rus, V. S. and Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L. and Schmidt, V. and Sciculna-Calleja, S. and Sekowski, A. and Shakespeare-Finch, J. and Shimonaka, Y. and Simonetti, F. and Sineshaw, T. and Siuta, J. and Smith, P. B. and Trapnell, P. D. and Trobst, K. K. and Wang, L. and Yik, M. and Zupančič, A. and McCrae, R. R.},
year = {2005},
month = {Oct},
pages = {96–100}
}
@misc{Yu2024,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2412.15291},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.15291},
author = {Yu, Chenxiao and Ye, Jinyi and Li, Yuangang and Li, Zheng and Ferrara, Emilio and Hu, Xiyang and Zhao, Yue},
keywords = {Computation and Language (cs.CL), Social and Information Networks (cs.SI), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {A Large-Scale Simulation on Large Language Models for Decision-Making in Political Science},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2024},
copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license}
}
@incollection{Jussim2009,
author = {Jussim, Lee and Cain, Thomas R. and Crawford, Jarret T. and Harber, Kent and Cohen, Florette},
title = {The unbearable accuracy of stereotypes},
booktitle = {Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination},
editor = {Nelson, Todd D.},
publisher = {Psychology Press},
address = {New York},
year = {2009},
pages = {199--227}
}
@misc{Aher2023,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2208.10264},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.10264},
author = {Aher, Gati and Arriaga, Rosa I. and Kalai, Adam Tauman},
keywords = {Computation and Language (cs.CL), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Machine Learning (cs.LG), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {Using Large Language Models to Simulate Multiple Humans and Replicate Human Subject Studies},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2022},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}
}
@article{Wolfram2025,
title = {Large language models predict cognition and education close to or better than genomics or expert assessment},
volume = {3},
issn = {2731-9121},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00274-x},
doi = {10.1038/s44271-025-00274-x},
number = {1},
journal = {Communications Psychology},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
author = {Wolfram, Tobias},
year = {2025},
month = {July}
}
@article{Heine2008,
title = {What Do Cross-National Comparisons of Personality Traits Tell Us?: The Case of Conscientiousness},
volume = {19},
issn = {1467-9280},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02085.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02085.x},
number = {4},
journal = {Psychological Science},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
author = {Heine, Steven J. and Buchtel, Emma E. and Norenzayan, Ara},
year = {2008},
month = {Apr},
pages = {309–313}
}
@article{Toubia2025,
title = {Database Report: Twin-2K-500: A Data Set for Building Digital Twins of over 2,000 People Based on Their Answers to over 500 Questions},
volume = {44},
issn = {1526-548X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2025.0262},
doi = {10.1287/mksc.2025.0262},
number = {6},
journal = {Marketing Science},
publisher = {Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)},
author = {Toubia, Olivier and Gui, George Z. and Peng, Tianyi and Merlau, Daniel J. and Li, Ang and Chen, Haozhe},
year = {2025},
month = {Nov},
pages = {1446–1455}
}
@article{Frey2004,
title = {Scholastic Assessment or g?: The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability},
volume = {15},
issn = {1467-9280},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x},
number = {6},
journal = {Psychological Science},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
author = {Frey, Meredith C. and Detterman, Douglas K.},
year = {2004},
month = {June},
pages = {373–378}
}
@article{Wolfram2026,
title = {Interpreting Polygenic Prediction of Cognitive Ability: Evidence for Direct, Reliable, and Portable Genetic Effects},
volume = {2},
issn = {3069-6488},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.65550/001c.158459},
doi = {10.65550/001c.158459},
number = {1},
journal = {Intelligence & Cognitive Abilities},
publisher = {Finulus, Inc},
author = {Wolfram, Tobias and Moore, Spencer and Li, Jeremiah H. and Anomaly, Jonathan and Davidson, Ivan and Christensen, Michael},
year = {2026},
month = {Apr}
}
@misc{Zuckerberg2025,
author = {Zuckerberg, Mark},
title = {Personal Superintelligence},
year = {2025},
month = {jul},
howpublished = {Meta},
url = {https://www.meta.com/superintelligence/},
note = {Published 30 July 2025}
}